What phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation is characterized by cooler sea surface temperatures?

The correct understanding of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) reveals that the phase characterized by cooler sea surface temperatures is indeed La Niña. During La Niña events, trade winds strengthen, pushing warm water westward and allowing cooler water to upwell in the eastern Pacific, leading to lower sea surface temperatures than average. This phenomenon often results in various climatic impacts around the world, including increased rainfall in some regions and drought in others.

In contrast, the El Niño phase is associated with above-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, while the southern phase and upwelling phase do not specifically refer to distinct ENSO phases characterized by temperature anomalies. Understanding these phases is crucial for predicting weather patterns and their effects on sailing, flying, and snow sports.